Английский язык. Грамматический справочник. Эффективная подготовка к экзаменам

Ильмира Маратовна Дубовицкая, 2020

Основная цель данной книги – подготовить учащихся к сдаче ЕГЭ по английскому языку. В сборнике представлены все темы, знание которых необходимо для выполнения заданий из раздела «Грамматика». К каждой теме дается краткое пояснение и тренировочные упражнения для закрепления материала, в конце книги есть ключи к заданиям. Сборник можно использовать как для самостоятельной подготовки, так и для работы в классе. Данное пособие предназначено для учащихся 10-11 классов общеобразовательных учреждений, для учителей, а также всех желающих изучать английский язык.

Прилагательное

Существует три степени сравнения прилагательных в английском языке — положительная, сравнительная и превосходная.

My friend Jon has a huge library at home though he has not got much space and keeps all his books on a small shelf. He is also keen on old books. There are a lot of interesting books. There is one that I find the most interesting is Alice in Wonderland by Lewis Caroll. I think classical literature is more interesting than modern one.

Большинство прилагательных имеют степени сравнения.

старый — старше — самый старый

old — older — the oldest

У прилагательных, содержащих абсолютное значение, нет сравнительной степени.

Например, huge — огромный (не может быть огромнее и т. д.)

Сравнительная степень может сопровождаться словами-маркерами, например than.

Our local library is smaller than the one in the city.

Сравнительная степень образуется при помощи следующего суффикса — er.

Прилагательные в превосходной степени получают суффикс — est и сопровождается определенным артиклем — the.

small — smaller — the smallest

При этом прилагательные с — y на конце получают суффикс — ier и — iest соответственно.

happy — happier — the happiest

У односложных прилагательных удваивается:

hot — hotter — the hottest

–e в конце у прилагательного опускается.

large — larger — the largest

brave — braver — the bravest

Многосложные прилагательные в сравнительной степени получают more и в превосходной the most.

interesting — more interesting — the most interesting

effective — more effective — the most effective

Исключения:

good — better — the best

bad — worse — the worst

little — less — the least

many — more — the most

far — farther, further — the farthest, furthest

old — older, elder — the oldest, eldest

Farther, the farthest используется в отношении местонахождения.

a. Our house is farther from the center than theirs.

b. Read further!

Elder, the eldest используется в значении «по старшинству»

c. His father died and Mike, who is 16, is now the eldest in the family.

d. My elder sister lives in Europe.

3.1. Напишите сравнительные и превосходные степени прилагательных:

3.2. Дополните предложения прилагательными в сравнительной степени:

1. My flat is smaller than my brother’s house. (small)

2. The blue shoes are _____ than the black ones. (nice)

3. This book is _____ than that one. (interesting)

4. The nights are getting ______ in winter. (dark)

5. When I was a child, my hair was _____ than now. (long)

6. This comic book is ______ than the film. (funny)

7. My result in the test was _____ than his. (good)

8. Racing car is _____ than a usual one. (expensive)

9. Einstein’s ideas were _____ than the ideas of modern scientists. (smart)

10. Football is _____ than volleyball in our country. (popular)

3.3. Дополните предложения прилагательными в превосходной степени:

1. Our house is the biggest in the street. (big)

2. He is _______ of four children. (old)

3. ______ man in the world is 120 years old. (old)

4. Let’s go there — it's ______ shop in the town. (cheap)

5. My brother says The Beatles were ______ group ever. (popular)

6. The Nile is _______ river in the world. (long)

7. Everest is _______ mountain in the world. (high)

8. Is the president ______ man in the country? (important)

9. Sam is a terrible footballer — he's _____ player in the team. (bad)

10. What's ______ city in the world? (busy)

3.4. Дополните предложения сравнительной и превосходной степенями прилагательных:

A) My name is Mark and I live in Moscow.

I'm 15, but I'm 1.73 meters tall. All my friends are (1) shorter (SHORT) than me and I'm (2) _____ (TALL) person in my family.

Everyone thinks I'm (3) _____ (YOUNG) than 15. On the bus they think I'm a kid. As I went to secondary school I was a bit worried. Most of the people were (4) _____ (FRIENDLY) and _____ (HELPFUL) than at primary school but some students used to tease at me. It turned out people take it (5) _____ (EASY) at secondary school and I've got a lot of friends.

Clothes are always a big problem. I usually buy my clothes at a shop near my school, but they are (6) _____ (EXPENSIVE) than elsewhere. Shoes are even (7) _____ (BAD).

There are some advantages. I play basketball and some people even say I'm (8) _____ (GOOD) player in the school.

3.5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа:

1. He found himself а safer place somewhere out of town.

a) safer

b) more safe

c) more safer

d) safest

2. We prefer the restaurant though it is _______ from the center.

a) the farther

b) farthest

c) the farthest

d) furthest

3. This detailed map is ________ the atlas.

a) more useful as

b) more useful like

c) more useful than

d) usefuller as

4. Safari parks are ________ places of all to keep animals.

a) better

b) the best

c) most better

d) more better

5. This computer is ________ advanced than the old model.

a) farther

b) far most

c) far

d) far more

6. They talked about ____________ developments in agriculture.

a) the least

b) the latter

c) the latest

d) the late

7. The situation is _____________ now and there isn't an easy solution.

a) less more complicated

b) many more complicate

c) much more complicated

d) farther more complicated

8. People stay indoors during the _________ part of the day.

a) most hottest

b) more hotter

c) most hotter

d) hottest

3.6. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Джон старше Питера.

2. Мари самая красивая девочка в классе.

3. Мой старший брат быстрее меня.

4. Мой друг самый добрый человек в мире.

5. У Елены самые длинные волосы в школе.

6. Мой кузен самый высокий в семье.

7. Моя игрушка лучше всех.

8. Моя книга менее интересная, чем у брата.

3.7. Вставьте more или less.

1. People are more intelligent than monkeys.

2. Summer holidays are _____ splendid than winter holidays.

3. Literature is ______ important than English.

4. Books are ______ interesting than films.

5. Writing in English is _____ difficult than speaking.

6. Parents are ______ helpful than teachers.

7. Reading is _______ useful than watching TV.

8. Food is _____ expensive than clothes.

3.8. Найдите и исправьте ошибки.

1. I’m more clever than my brother. Cleverer

2. Sue is prettyer than Jane.

3. Tyler is more handsomer than his brother.

4. Twins are closest people in the world.

5. My father is the stronger man in the world.

6. They are patienter than others.

7. He was told to stay the longest than his friends.

8. They were going to stay in Paris for more two weeks.

9. She likes to go for a walk on a quieter evening.

10. We want to stay long in Paris as it is a beautiful city.

3.9. Дополните предложения сравнительной и превосходной степенями прилагательных:

1. Sam is a far more intelligent (intelligent) person than my brother.

2. Sindy was the _________ (practical) of the family.

3. Bobby felt __________ (bad) yesterday than the day before.

4. This dessert is the ____________ (good) I’ve ever tasted.

5. Jack was the ________ (tall) of the two.

6. Sarah is the __________ (beautiful) of the three sisters.

7. If you need any ___________ (far) information, please contact our head office.

8. The sinking of Titanic is one of _____________ (famous) shipwreck stories of all time.

9. Please, send the books back without _________ (far) delay.

10. The deposits of oil in Russia are by far the __________ (rich) in the world.

11. Could you come a bit _______ (early) tomorrow?

12. I like this song _________ (much) than the previous one.

13. Which of these two performances did you enjoy ________ (much)?

14. The fire was put out _________ (quickly) than we expected.

3.10 Дополните предложения прилагательными в сравнительной степени (добавьте than, где необходимо):

1. New washing machines are much more quiet than / quieter than (quiet) old washing machines.

2. Do you think money is __________________ (important) good health?

3. This dress is __________________ (nice) that one.

4. Old cell phones were a lot __________________ (big) new ones.

5. Flats are so expensive in this area, we will buy a flat in a __________________ (cheap) area.

6. Many people think modern life is __________________ (good) life in the past.

7. Communication has become a lot __________________ (easy) it was 50 years ago.

8. The pollution in my city is much __________________ (bad) it used to be 10 years ago.

9. I prefer __________________ (warm) water. That’s why we travel to the sea in summer.

10. Our favorite shopping center is __________________ (far) the new supermarket.