Практикум по чтению и переводу профессиональных текстов по книгоизданию и редактированию. Английский язык

Е. Б. Казакова

Необходимость владения терминологией продиктована развитием научно-технического прогресса во всем мире, процессами глобализации и интеграции, что ведет к возрастающей роли знания иностранных языков и необходимости хорошего владения специфических сферах производства и науки.Перед Вами третье издание, переработанное и дополненное, сборника текстов по издательскому делу и литературному редактированию на английском языке (направления подготовки: 42.03.03 «Издательское дело»).

Unit 4

1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:

1. Branch — отрасль

2. Appearance — появление

3. social consciousness-общественное сознание

4. genesis — происхождение, зарождение

5. along with — наряду с

6. expansion — распространение, расширение

7. destribution — распределение

8. to encounter-встретить, столкнуться с

9. rapidity — скорость

10. harsh sentences — суровые приговоры

11. secular-светский

12. to facilitate — облегчать

13. cylinder press-плоскопечатная машина

14. in accordance with — в соответствии с

15. contingent — доля, квота

16. bookselling-книгораспространение

17. artisan — ремесленник

18. handicraft — ручная работа

19. editorial — редакторский

20. scribes — писцы, секретари

21. fines — денежные штрафы

22. multivolume-многотомный

23. Cyrillic characters — буквы шрифта кириллица

24. annals-летописи

25. establishment — образование, основание

2. Read the text below:

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Publishing+industry

PUBLISHING

Publishing is a branch of culture and production that involves the preparation, production, and distribution of books, magazines, newspapers, and graphic material. The level, scope, and orientation of publishing are determined by the material, sociopolitical, and cultural conditions of a society.

Book publishing existed for many centuries before the appearance of printing. As a means of expression of social consciousness, the manuscript book influenced the development and formation of ideas and knowledge; however, its sphere of influence was extremely limited. J. Gutenberg’s invention of the European method of printing (mid-15th century) opened up a new era in the history of books; the printed word became an important factor in social development.

The publishing house emerged as an enterprise for the production of printed matter in Europe in the 16th century. The genesis of publishing houses was integrally associated with the formation of capitalism. Printer-publishers emerged in the 16th and 17th centuries as a result of the expansion of printing houses, an increase in their output, the necessity for technical and especially financial provisions for production (given the lengthy cycle of publication for an individual book), and the need to organize the sale of books. The publishing activity of Aldo Manuzio (Venice) and C. Plantin (Antwerp), along with the families of Elsevier (the Netherlands) and Etienne and Didot (France), was of great significance. Publishers who did not have their own presses and gave the books they published to commercial firms appeared in the 18th century.

The development of publishing encountered considerable difficulties because of the hostile attitude of the feudal and church authorities toward the printing and distribution of secular books, which were a weapon of the bourgeoisie in the struggle against the feudal and clerical system. Publishing was contingent upon special permission; books, journals, and newspapers were subject to strict censorship. Taxes and duties were imposed upon publishing houses; they were punished by fines and shut down, and the owners of publishing enterprises and printing houses were brought to trial and given harsh sentences.

The victory of the bourgeois social system over feudalism in a number of European countries facilitated the development of publishing. From the 18th through the mid-19th century, the process of forming publishing houses and their quantitative growth in all countries proceeded with increasing rapidity. The functions and structure of publishing houses became considerably more complex. Editorial, bibliographical and informational, and advertising activity developed, as well as bookselling (in the «publishers’” book trade). In publishing generally, and in book production in particular, machine technology was rapidly introduced. The invention of machinery for paper manufacture in the late 18th century expanded and considerably improved paper production and made it cheaper; the appearance of the cylinder press in the early 19th century, as well as the invention of other typographic machines, considerably expanded the potential of typography. The process of specialization of publishing and typographic enterprises in the publishing business began in the mid-19th century, with the emergence of a new, strong technical base. As the period of monopoly capitalism began (the late 19th to early 20th century), there was massive organization of publishing houses on the model of joint-stock companies, and thereafter book and newspaper-magazine publishing houses were organized into trusts.

Publishing houses are divided into book, book-magazine, and newspaper-magazine types, depending on their products. The nature of the publishing house is determined by the intended readership — scientific, popular, children, or youth; the subject matter of the publications determines the type of the publishing house — general-purpose or specialized.

The production of books intended for distribution was known in Rus’ as early as the turn of the 11th century. Books were copied by special scribes in monasteries and at princes’ courts and by professional artisans in the cities. In the 15th to the mid-16th century, the book business expanded in conjunction with the formation of the centralized Russian state, the development of handicrafts and trade, and the growth of cities and development of urban culture. Multivolume manuscript works, general Russian annals, and many other works appeared. In 1551, at the Stoglav (Hundred Chapters) Council, Ivan IV declared: «Scribes write from inaccurate translations, and having written, do not correct them… and in God’s churches people read, sing, and write from these books.» Printing was able to facilitate the establishment of uniformity in church books.

The first printed Slavic books using Cyrillic characters were published by Szwajpolt Fiol in Kraków at the end of the 15th century. At the beginning of the 16th century, the first Byelorussian printer, Frantsisk Skorin, organized book printing in Slavonic in Wilno (Vilnius).

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What is publishing?

2. What is the genesis of publishing houses associated with?

3. What are publishing houses divided into?

4. Who wrote books before the invention of printed press?

5. Where and when was the printing in Belorussia organized?

6. Who are the prominent figures in Russian printing era beginning?

4. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. The level, scope, and orientation of publishing are determined by the material, sociopolitical, and cultural conditions of a society.

2. J. Gutenberg’s invention of the European method of printing (mid-15th century) opened up a new era in the history of books; the printed word became an important factor in social development.

3. From the 18th through the mid-19th century, the process of forming publishing houses and their quantitative growth in all countries proceeded with increasing rapidity.

4. Taxes and duties were imposed upon publishing houses; they were punished by fines and shut down, and the owners of publishing enterprises and printing houses were brought to trial and given harsh sentences.

5. The process of specialization of publishing and typographic enterprises in the publishing business began in the mid-19th century, with the emergence of a new, strong technical base.

6. Books were copied by special scribes in monasteries and at princes’ courts and by professional artisans in the cities. In the 15th to the mid-16th century, the book business expanded in conjunction with the formation of the centralized Russian state, the development of handicrafts and trade, and the growth of cities and development of urban culture.

7. The nature of the publishing house is determined by the intended readership — scientific, popular, children, or youth; the subject matter of the publications determines the type of the publishing house — general-purpose or specialized.

5. Give the English equivalents from the text given above:

Отрасль культуры и производства; появление новой технической базы; быстро увеличивается; количественный рост; продажа и распространение книг; писцы; многотомные рукописи; увеличение выхода продукции; издательства делятся; наказывать штрафами и суровыми приговорами; развитие ручного труда; культура города; профессиональные мастера; распространиться в значительной степени.

6. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:

1. The level, __________, and orientation of publishing are determined by the material, sociopolitical, and cultural __________ of a society.

2. The publishing house __________ as an enterprise for the production of printed matter in Europe in the 16th century.

3. Publishing was __________ upon special permission; books, journals, and newspapers were subject to strict __________.

4. Books were copied by special __________ in monasteries and at princes’ courts and by professional __________ in the cities. In the 15th to the mid-16th century

5. The first printed Slavic books using __________ characters were published by Szwajpolt Fiol in Kraków at the end of the 15th century.

7. Translate into English:

1. Издание печатных книг связано с появлением европейского метода печати.

2. Начиная с 18 века и до середины 19 проходил л процесс образования издательств и их быстрый количественный рост.

3. Функции и структура издательства становились все более сложными.

4. В 1551 года в книге Стоглав Иван Грозный писал: «Писцы переписывают книги из небрежных переводов… и не проверяют после написания, а в церквях люди читают, поют и пишут из этих книг»

5. Печать могла облегчить установление единообразия в церковных книгах.

6. В начале 16века первый белорусский печатник Франциск Скорина организовал книгопечатание в Вильно.

7. На издательские дома накладывали налоги и штрафы.

TEXT 2

1. Read and learn the following words and expressions:

1. scholarly — учебный, научный

2. responsibilities — обязанности

3. bound book — книга в переплете

4. to assume — предполагать, допускать

5. to contract — заключать договор

6. schedule — планировать, разрабатывать план

7. conversion — превращение

8. in the long run — в конечном итоге, в конце концов

9. primary — имеющий первоначальное значение

10. to apply — применять

11. applying the standards — применяя стандарты

12. guidelines — руководства

13. technical editing — техническое редактирование

14. adherence — строгое соблюдение

15. awkward — нескладный, нелепый

16. yearbook — ежегодное издание

17. page layout — компоновка страницы

18. font — вид шрифта

19. header — заголовок

20. to dedicate — предназначать

21. peer-edit — рецензируемое издание

22. dedicated — специализирующийся, специальный

23. punctuation — пунктуация

24. construction of tables — построение таблиц

25. abbreviations — сокращения

26. selection of headings — выбор заголовков

27. citation of references — цитирование источников

28. presentation of statistics — выкладки статистики

2. Read the text below:

http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/113672#Scholarly_books_and_journals

SCHOLARLY BOOKS AND JOURNALS

Editors of scholarly books and journals are of three types, each with particular responsibilities: the acquisitions editor (or commissioning editor in Britain), who contracts with the author to produce the copy, the project editor or production editor, who sees the copy through its stages from manuscript through bound book and usually assumes most of the budget and schedule responsibilities, and the copy editor or manuscript editor, who performs the tasks of readying the copy for conversion into printed form.

The primary difference between copy editing scholarly books and journals and other sorts of copy editing lies in applying the standards of the publisher to the copy. Most scholarly publishers have a preferred style guide, usually a combination of Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and either the Chicago Manual of Style, the MLA Style Manual, or the APA Publication Manual in the US or New Hart’s Rules [based on «Hart’s Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford» (1893)] in the UK. Since scholars often have strong preferences, very often a publisher will adopt different styles for different fields. For instance, psychologists prefer the APA style, while linguists might prefer the MLA style. These guidelines offer sound advice on making cited sources complete and correct and making the presentation scholarly.

Technical editing

Technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, and identifying errors related to the use of language in general or adherence to a specific style guide.

This activity ensures that documentation is of good quality. In large companies, experienced writers are dedicated to the technical editing function; in organizations that cannot afford dedicated editors, experienced writers typically peer-edit text produced by their relatively less experienced colleagues.

It helps if the technical editor is familiar with the subject being edited, but that is not always essential. The «technical» knowledge that an editor gains over time while working on a particular product or technology does give the editor an edge over another who has just started editing content related to that product or technology. In the long run, however, the skills that really matter are attention to detail, the ability to sustain focus while working through lengthy pieces of text on complex topics, tact in dealing with writers, and excellent communication skills.

Revising is also another form of editing. It is looking for awkward sentences, run-on sentences, and in general parts of the paper that don’t make sense to the editor. Usually the writer revises his/her copy before turning it in.

A publication’s editor in chief is its primary editor, having final responsibility for the operations and policies. The term is generally applied to newspapers, magazines, and yearbooks.

A Book Editor is role within Book Publishing, which involves being a substantive editor, production editor and copyeditor all rolled into one. This is very much the case with smaller publishers and the Book Editor, may even have to be a Designer as well. Skills that make a good Book Editor are naturally Literary skills and a love of books, but also design and an ability to feel that a page layout is correct. Skill is also needed in choosing the right fonts for text and headers, as well as the ability to use Computers and Software.

Comments:

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary Where can you find lots of words for little money? The Merriam-Webster Online Store is home to a wide array of budget-friendly dictionaries and reference works, with many titles priced well under ten dollars

American Psychological Association (APA)

When editors or teachers ask you to write in APA Style, they do not mean writing style. They are referring to the editorial style that many of the social and behavioral sciences have adopted to present written material in the field.

Editorial style consists of rules or guidelines that a publisher observes to ensure clear and consistent presentation of written material. Editorial style concerns uniform use of such elements as

• punctuation and abbreviations

• construction of tables

• selection of headings

• citation of references

• presentation of statistics, and

• many other elements that are a part of a manuscript

The American Psychological Association has established a style that it uses in all of the books and journals that it publishes. Many others working in the social and behavioral sciences have adopted this style as their standard as well

MLA (Modern Language association) style has been widely adopted by schools, academic departments, and instructors for over half a century. The association’s guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals, newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses. The MLA’s guidelines are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the world.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What types of scholarly editors do you know?

2. What do each of them do?

3. What is the difference of scholarly editors?

4. How do you define the technical editing?

5. What is a Book editor?

6. What should the Book editor possess?

7. How can you comment on the following: «Skill is also needed in choosing the right fonts for text and headers, as well as the ability to use Computers and Software»?

4. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The primary difference between copy editing scholarly books and journals and other sorts of copy editing lies in applying the standards of the publisher to the copy.

2. Most scholarly publishers have a preferred style guide, usually a combination of Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and either the Chicago Manual of Style, the MLA Style Manual, or the APA Publication Manual in the US or New Hart’s Rules [based on «Hart’s Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford» (1893)] in the UK.

3. Technical editing involves reviewing text written on a technical topic, and identifying errors related to the use of language in general or adherence to a specific style guide.

4. The «technical» knowledge that an editor gains over time while working on a particular product or technology does give the editor an edge over another who has just started editing content related to that product or technology.

5. Revising is also another form of editing. It is looking for awkward sentences, run-on sentences, and in general parts of the paper that don’t make sense to the editor.

6. A Book Editor is role within Book Publishing, which involves being a substantive editor, production editor and copyeditor all rolled into one

7. Skill is also needed in choosing the right fonts for text and headers, as well as the ability to use Computers and Software.

5. Give the English equivalents from the text given above:

Определенные обязанности; от рукописи до книги в переплете; применение стандартов издания к книге; состоять из правил; большинство издателей учебников; не имеет значения для редактора; определенный продукт; неуклюжие предложения; не иметь смысла; обладать ответственностью ха конечный продукт; содержание; опытные писатели; адаптировать разные стили для разных отраслей; все в одном; литературные навыки; любовь к книгам; заголовок; умение использовать компьютер и программное обеспечение.

6. Compose the dialogues on the topics:

1. The appearance of printing in Europe and Russia.

2. The skills of a book editor.